9th Class Chemistry, Chapter 1 - Compound & Mixture

9^th Chemistry

Chapter 1:-

Fundamentals Of Chemistry

1.1            Topic 4:-

Compound & Mixture

MCQ’s.

1. Which of the following can be separated by physical means?

(Grw_ 18-GII)

(A)  mixture

(B)   compound

(C)   radical

(D)  element

Ans:- (A) mixture

 

Short Q’s.

1. Write down chemical formula of calcium phosphate and sodium chloride.

(Grw_ 19-GI)

Ans:- Calcium Phosphate Ca₃(PO₄)₂. Sodium Chloride (Common Salt) NaCl.

2. Write down chemical formula of the following;

(a)   Sugar          (b) Sulphuric Acid

(Grw_ 19-GII)

Ans:- Sugar C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁. Sulphuric Acid H₂SO₄.

3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

(Grw_ 18-GI, 18-GII)

Ans:- Mixtures that have uniform composition throughout are called homogeneous mixtures e.g. air, gasoline, ice cream. Whereas, heterogeneous mixtures are those in which composition is not uniform throughout e.g. soil, rock and wood.

 

Long Q’s.

1. List five characteristics by which compounds can be distinguished from mixtures.

(Grw_ 17-GI)

 

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Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem

9th Class Chemistry, Chapter 1 - Elements

9^th Chemistry

Chapter 1:-

Fundamentals Of Chemistry

1.1            Topic 3:-

Elements

Short Q’s.

1. Human body is made up of how many elements? Write their names.

(Grw_ 19-GII)

Ans:- Six elements constitute about 99% of our body mass; namely: Oxygen 65 %, Carbon 18%, Hydrogen 10 %, Nitrogen 3%, Calcium 1.5% and Phosphorus 1.5%.

 

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Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem

9th Class Chemistry, Chapter 1 - Branches Of Chemistry

9^th Chemistry

Chapter 1:-

Fundamentals Of Chemistry

1.1            Topic 1:-

Branches Of Chemistry:-

Short Q’s.

1. Define Nuclear Chemistry.

(Grw_ 19-GI, 19-GII)

Ans:- Nuclear Chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the radioactivity, nuclear processes and properties.

 

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Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem

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Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem

9th Chemistry, Ch 1 - Lecture 11 - Types of Molecules

Molecule:-

Molecule is formed by chemical combination of atoms. These atoms may be same or different. Molecule is the smallest unit of element or compound. There are different types of molecules depending upon the number and types of atoms combining. Some types of molecules are as follows:-

Atoms jb chemically milte hn to molecule bnate hn. Ye atoms ek jese b ho skte hn or different b. Compound ya element k smallest particle ko molecule bolte hn. Number of atoms or kind of atoms ki bases pr molecules ko different types me divide kiya jata ha.

Monoatomic molecule:-
A molecule madeup of only one atom is called monoatomic molecule.
For Example:- Inert gases helium(He), neon(Ne) and argon(Ar).

Aase molecules jin me sirf 1 atom ho unhe hm monoatomic molecules bolte hn.

Diatomic molecule:-
A molecule madeup of two atoms is called diatomic molecule.
For Example:- hydrogen(H2), oxygen(O2), chlorine(Cl2) and hydrogen chloride(HCl).

Aase molecules jo k 2 atoms k milne se bnte hn inhe hm diatomic molecules bolte hn.

Triatomic molecule:-
A molecule madeup of three atoms is called triatomic molecule.
For Example:- H2O, CO2.

Molecules jo k 3 atoms k milne se bnte hn inhe hm triatomic molecules bolte hn.

Polyatomic molecule:-
A molecule madeup of many atoms is called polyatomic molecule.
For Example:- CH4, H2SO4, C6H12O6.

Molecules jin me bht sare atoms majood hon unhe hm polyatomic molecules bolte hn.

Homoatomic molecule:-
A molecule madeup of same type of atoms, is called homoatomic molecule.
For Example:- H2, O2, S8, P4.

Ase molecules jo k 1 hi trha k atoms k milne se bnte hn unhe homoatomic molecules khte hn.

Heteroatomic molecule:-
A molecule madeup of different kinds of atoms, is called heteroatomic molecule.
For Example:- CO2, H2O and NH3.

Molecules jo k different atoms k milne se bnte hn unhe hm heteroatomic molecules bolte hn.

Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem

9th Chemistry, Ch 1 - Lecture 10 - Differences

Difference between Atoms and Ions

1.Atom:-
Atom is the smallest particle of an element.

Element ka sb se chota particle atom hota ha.

1.Ion:-
Ion is the smallest unit of an ionic compound.

Ionic compound ka sb se chota unit ion hota ha.

2.Atom:-
Atom can or cannot exist independently and can take part in a chemical reaction.

Atom akela b rh skta ha or group ki shakl me b or atom chemical reactions me b hissa leta ha.

2.Ion:-
Ion cannot exist independently and is surrounded by oppositely charges ions.

Ion akela ni rh skta ye hmesha group ki form me majood hota ha. or hr ion k apne opposite charge wale ions se ghira rhta ha.

3.Atom:-
Atom is electrically neutral.

Atom electrically neutral ha mtlb k atom me se electricity pass ni kr skti.

3.Ion:-
Ion has a net charge on it.

Ion k uper net charge hota ha, jo k positive b ho skta ha or negative b.

Difference between Molecule and Molecular Ion

1.Molecule:-
It is the smallest particle of an element or compound which can exist independently and shows all the properties of that compound.

Element ya compound k sb se chote particle ko hm molecule bolte hn jo k independently b mil skta ha oe compound ki sari properties show krta ha.

1.Molecular Ion:-
It is formed by gain or loss of electrons by a molecule.

Jb koi molecule electrons lose krta ha ya phir electrons add krta ha to wo molecular ion bnata ha.

2.Molecule:-
Molecule is always neutral.

Molecule hmesha neutral hota ha.

2.Molecular Ion:-
It can have negative or positive charge.

Molecular ion pr positive charge b ho skta ha or negative b.

3.Molecule:-
It is formed by the combination of atoms.

Molecule atoms k milne se bnta ha.

3.Molecular Ion:-
It is formed by the ionization of molecule.

Molecule ki ionization krna se molecular ion bnte hn.

4.Molecule:-
Molecule is a stable unit.

Molecule stable rhta ha.

4.Molecular Ion:-
It is a reactive species.

Molecular ions reactive hote hn.

Difference between Ions and Free Radicals

1.Ions:-
Ions are the atoms which have some charge.

Ions aase atoms ko bolte hn jin pr koi charge majood ho.

1.Free Radicals:-
Free Radicals are the atoms that have odd number of electrons.

Aase atoms jin me odd number of electrons majood hon unhe hm free radical bolte hn.

2.Ions:-
Ions exist in solution or in crystal lattice.

Ions solution ki form me b milte hn or crystal lattice ki form me b.

2.Free Radicals:-
They can exist in solution as well in air.

Free radicals solution me or hawa me b majood hote hn.

3.Ions:-
Their formation is not affected by the presence of light.

Ions k bnne me light k hone ya na hone se kuch fark nhi prta.

3.Free Radicals:-
They may form in the presence of light.

Free radicals light ki majoodgi me bnte hn.

Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem

9th Chemistry, Ch 1 - Lecture 9 - Chemical Species

Ions:-
Atoms or group of atoms having some charge on it, is callen an ion.

Atoms ya group of atoms k uper agr kuch charge ho to ise hm atom ni bl-k ion bolen ge. Ye charge positive b ho skta ha or negative b.

Cation:-
An Atom or group of atoms having positive charge on it, is called cation.
For Example:- Na+, K+

Atom ya group of atoms pr agr positive charge ho to ise hm cation bolte hn jesa k uper example me dekhaya gya ha. Atom k uper positive charge tb ata ha jb atom k outermost shell me se electrons bahir nekl jyn.

Anion:-
An atom or group of atoms having negative charge on it, is called anion.
For Example:- Cl-, O-2

Atom ya group of atoms pr agr positive charge ki jga negative charge aa jy to isy hm anion bolte hn jis ki examples uper di gien hn. Atom k uper negative charge tb ata ha jb bahir se koi electron us atom me add ho jy.

Molecular Ion:-
When a molecule gains or loses an electron, it forms a molecular ion.
For Example:- He+, N+

Jesa k hmne uper prha k agr kisi atom me koi electron add kiya jy ya phir us atom me se koi electron nikala jy to use hm ion bolte hn. Isi trha agr kisi molecule me se hm koi electron bahir nekalen ya us molecule me electron ko add kren to phir ise hm molecular ion bolen ge.

Free Radicals:-
Atoms or group of atoms having odd number of (unpaired) electrons, are called free radicals.
For Example:- H•, Cl•, H3C•

Agr kisi b atom ya group of atoms me odd number of unpaired electrons majood hon to unhe hm free radicals bolte hn. Free radicals ko atom ya group of atoms k symbol k uper right side pr dot se zahir kiya jata ha. Free Radicals tb bnte hn jb koi bond equally divide krta ha. Free Radicals bht hi reactive hote hn or ye bht hi jldi apna octet pura kr lete hn

Written By:- M.Ashir Azeem